Script Font Reference List (A)
Links to List Pages: [A] [B] [C] [D-E] [F-G] [H-I] [J-L] [M-N] [O-P] [Q-R] [S] [T] [U-Z]
Introduction |
This Script Font Reference List accompanies the Script Font Identification Guide. It provides the original (true) name of the typefaces (using quotes if this is uncertain); the Part(s) of the Script Font Identification Guide that display the typeface; the designer(s) of the typeface; and when it was designed (if known). It also provides at least one identifier for a source of this font, if one is known. It also contains any Alias names used for other versions of this typeface. [Special thanks to Claude and 'rememberbooks' for much of this information.] Last, but surely not least, it lists the people who contributed the samples used in the Guide. [If this column is blank it means a sample is still needed.] |
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List Structure | This alphabetical Script Font Reference List is divided into multiple web pages in order to help reduce the time needed for page loading.
Each page has the identical structure and contains links to: |
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Missing Font Samples
** Help Needed** |
When the column for Font Sample Supplied by is blank it means I am still looking for a sample for this typeface. If you have this font in your collection, I would greatly appreciate it if you could provide a sample I could include in the Script Font ID Guide.
There is a collection of all the missing Script Font samples in the WANTED List. The sample format can be seen in the guide. The most important goal is to show all the letters of the font, but if you use the wording of the majority of samples you will have each Upper case letter and numeral once and each lower case letter at least twice. A drawing program like Illustrator, Freehand, Canvas or Corel Draw can be used to make .gifs of font samples. These are best, because you can control the content and size, but a scanned sample will do, especially if it shows the complete font. The preferred sample size is approximately 350-375 pixels wide, and apprx. 80-120 pixels high, so that two samples can fit on a line. If the font is only legible at a larger size that is OK, but my goal is to keep page loading times shorter by using smaller sample files. |
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Corrections/Comments/ Suggestions |
I have done my best to make the information in this List accurate, but if you find errors, or can provide missing information, please send me an e-mail. I welcome corrections, comments and suggestions. | |
Original Name | Font Sample Supplied by | In Script ID Guide (Part) | Designer | Year | Aliases (look-alikes)/[Notes]: |
#44 Font (Icon) | M . Yanega | Dan Zadorozny | 2003 | free at www.iconian.com | |
08 Underground | P. Etz | Johan Waldenström | 2004 | [free at http://www.11-D.nu] | |
2daysinVienna | P. Etz | Ilse Siengalewicz | 2000 | www.igraphicz.20m.com | |
4 Star Face (Oasis) | P. Etz | 'Dr. Nimbus' | 1997 | Omega Font Labs at http://www.moorstation.org/typoasis/designers.htm | |
Abagail Jackson (Ing) | M. Yanega | Robert Schenk | 1990,1994 | ||
Abbott Oldstyle | M. Yanega | Joseph W. Phinney | 1901 | Abbess (FBk), Mandrita Display (SSi), Abbey Road (NC). [Originally designed for ATF with alt C, R, S, T, W and r, with some ligatures; also in VCG version film type] | |
Abbot Uncial (AG) | M. Yanega | 4 | Richard Yeend/(M. Kausche) | (1934) | |
Abelard (ET) | L. Vjedovik | 4 | Judith Sutcliffe | 1992 | |
Accent (URW) | Rust (The Lazy Dog) | 6 | (URW Studio) | 1995 | |
Accrued Interest (Ing) | M. Yanega | Robert Schenk | 1995 | ||
Acme (TR) | elaine | 6 | ? | ||
Adagietto (T26/FONTana) | P. Etz | Gabor Kothay | 2000 | ||
Adagio | [Veer sample of Andantino JF] | Jason Walcott (Karl Klauss) | 2004 (1953) | Andantino JF (Juke)[Not the same as English 111 Adagio (BT)] | |
ADefABC#3 (TF) | L. Vjedovik | Joseph D. Treacy | 1994 | ||
ADefABC#3 Solid (TF) | L. Vjedovik | Joseph D. Treacy | 1994 | ||
AdHoc (LL) | L. Vjedovik | 4, 6 | Franko Luin | 1992 | |
Adine Kirnberg' | Anjaleck | 1, 13 | ? | [Revival of Bauer Schreibschrift 'Romana'] | |
Adios Script (Sud/UMT) | HKY | Alejandro Paul | 2009 | [OpenType font with numerous alternates and swashes] | |
Admiral | CybaPee | 1 | Robert H. Middleton | 1953 | Admiral (TR) |
Adonis Old Style (GR) | P. Etz | Jim Spiece/(W.T. Sniffen) | 1994(1930) | Compare with 'Artemesia' (NC) | |
Adore (CT) | P. Griffin (CT) | R. Alaccari (Stephenson Blake Fdry) | 2005 (1939) | [Canada Type revival of 'Undine Ronde', released as 'Amanda' by Stephenson Blake in 1939.]; also has Alternates & some ligatures (not shown) | |
Adscript (Solo) | J. A. Walcott | 1 | M.F. Benton | 1914 | [Adage JF from JAW Fonts was used for sample] |
Affable (Scholtz) | Merle Scholtz | Anton Scholtz | 2008 | ||
Affair (UMT) | P. Griffin & Veer Sample | Alejandro Paul | 2006 | [Has hundreds of alternates and ligatures] | |
Aftershock (IT) | M. Yanega |
5, 14 |
Bob Alonso | 1996 | |
Aged (T26) | M. Yanega | 6 | Tomi Haaparanta | ? | |
Aged Italic (T26) | M. Yanega | 8 | Tomi Haaparanta | ? | |
Aged With Style (T26) | M. Yanega | Tomi Haaparanta | ? | ||
Agincourt (Let) | M. Yanega | 3 | David Quay | 1983 | |
Agogo (LL) | M. Yanega | 1, 7 | Ed Bugg | 1996 | |
Agrafie (LL) | M. Yanega | 12 | R. J. Goulsbra | 1994 | |
Airam (LL) | P. Etz | Maria Martina | 2002 | [From Take Type 5 collection] | |
Airstream (IT) | M. Yanega | 14 | Tim Donaldson | 1983 | |
Aitos (AG) | [Agfa graphic] | 6 | Kevin Simpson | 2001 | |
Aja (BE) | M. Yanega | 2 | Gustav Jaeger | 1981 | Ajile (NV), Ajax (Opti) |
Alba (FAL) | M. Yanega | [Font-a-Licious] | 2001 | ||
Albany Telegram (CA) | M. Yanega | 3 | Jim Marcus | 1994 | |
Albemarle (Scr) | M. Yanega | 4 | David F. Nalle | 2001 | |
Albemarle Swash (Scr) | M. Yanega | 13 | David F. Nalle | 2001 | |
Albert Betenbuch (Ing) | M. Yanega | 3 | Robert Schenk | 1993 | |
Album Script (Solo) | P. Etz | 1 | Jason Walcott (?) | ? | [Acroterion JF from JAW Fonts/Jukebox was used for sample] |
Alcoholica (ST) | P. Etz | Franta Storm | 1994 | ||
Alexa (AD) | M. Yanega | 2, 8 | John Benson | 1995 | |
Alexia (A*I) | CybaPee | Philip Bouwsma | 1993 | ||
Alexia, New (CT) | P. Griffin (CT) | Philip Bouwsma | 2006 | [Update of 1993 design with added flourishes and border designs. Comes in two weights; both shown.] | |
Alexia Italic, New (CT) | P. Griffin (CT) | Philip Bouwsma | 2006 | [Update of 1993 design with added flourishes and border designs. Comes in two weights; both shown.] | |
Alghera (RR) | L. Vjedovik | 6 | Pat Hickson | 1996 | |
Algologfont (LL) | M. Yanega |
5, 14 |
Bjoern Hansen | 1997 | |
Alhambra (FB) | CybaPee | 8 | Richard Lipton | 1993 | |
Ali Baba (CT) | Anastas | P. Rutter/R. Alaccari (Georg Trump) | 2004 (1955) | [revival of 'Palomba' by Canada Type] | |
Alien Script (FONTana) | P. Etz | Amondó Szegi | 1999 | [Looks like Ballantines Script with a few new letters] | |
Allegheny (Scr) | M. Yanega | 10 | David F. Nalle | 2001 | |
Allegro (BT, ICG) | Anjaleck | 8 | Hans Bohn | 1937 | Aloe (CF) |
Alleycat (ICG) | [Eyewire graphic] | Patricia Lillie | 1996 | ||
Alleycat Bop (ICG) | M. Yanega | Patricia Lillie | 1996 | ||
Allyson (P22) | Paul Hunt (P22) | Paul D. Hunt | 2006 | [Based on old BB&S metal type called Hazel Script] | |
Almanac (CT) | Anastas | P. Rutter/R. Alaccari (Imre Reiner) | 2004 (1957) | Revival of 'London Script' by Canada Type | |
AlphaMack (AOE) | P. Etz | Brian Bonislawsky | 1998 | ||
Alphatier (TCult) | M. Jamra | Mark Jamra | 2001 | at www.typeculture.com | |
Alsace-Lorraine (Har) | M. Yanega | 4 | Harold Lohner | 2000 | |
Alte Schwabacher (BE) | mamasmurf | 3 | ? | ||
Alys Script (RR) | CybaPee | 2 | Pat Hickson | 1995 | |
Amadeo (AG) | [Eyewire graphic] | 7, 9 | Julius de Goede | ? | |
Amadeo Small Caps (AG) | [Eyewire graphic] | 6, 11 | Julius de Goede | ? | |
Amador (Park) | [MyFonts.com sample] | Jim Parkinson | 2004 | ||
AmaltheaZierbuch (BE) | L. Vjedovik | 2, 8 | F.H.E. Schneidler | 1956 | |
Amanda (AG) | M. Yanega | 4, 6 | Tom Rickner | ? | |
Amaretto Sour (Disturbed) | M. Yanega | Matthew Austin Petty | 1998 | [free at www.disturbed.com] | |
Amazon (SWFTE) | P. Etz | 5, 14 | SWFTE International | 1986-95 | |
Amazone (BT) | Anjaleck/mamasmurf | 1 | L.H.D. Smit | 1958 | Amapola (Solo), Amaze (CF) |
Ambassador Script (CT) | Fr. Murray Watson | R. Alaccari/P. Griffin (Aldo Novarese) | 2007 (1955) | Based on 'Juliet' with expanded swash and alternate characters | |
Ambassador Script Alts/Ligs (CT) | Fr. Murray Watson | R. Alaccari/P. Griffin (Aldo Novarese) | 2007 (1955) | Based on 'Juliet' with expanded swash and alternate characters | |
Ambiance (BT) | Bob Thomas (Bitstream) | 8, 9 | Rob Leuschke | 2004 | see http://www.bitstream.com/categories/products/nfc |
Ambre Script (Phage) | [Typophage graphic] | Christophe Badani | 1999 | www.typophage.com | |
Amelie (Tdel) | elaine | Ronna Penner | 2002 | ||
American Greeting Script | M. Yanega | 1 | ? | ? | Altast Greeting (NV), Happy Birthday (SERIALS), AltoGreeting Script (Opti), AltonGreeting (Pri) |
American Pop One (FM) | M. Yanega | Mike Hagemann | 2001-2 | ||
American Pop Plain (FM) | M. Yanega | Mike Hagemann | 2001-2 | ||
American Pop Two (FM) | M. Yanega | Mike Hagemann | 2001-2 | ||
American Scribe (3I) | elaine | 10 | Brian Willson | 2003 | |
American Text (BT) | Yves | 3 | M.F. Benton | 1932 | |
American Uncial (E+F, MN) | M. Yanega | 4 | Victor Hammer | 1943 | Uncial (AG), Hammer Unziale (BE) |
American Writer (Tdel) | P. Etz | Ronna Penner | 2003 | ||
Americratika (FH) | M. Yanega | 10 | Ethan Dunham | 1997 | |
Amethyste Script (PN) | M. Yanega | 7 | G. Vidal | 1954 | |
Amherst Fraktur (LL) | P. Etz | 3 | Richard Yeend | 2002 | [From Take Type 5 collection] |
Amherst Gothic Split (LL) | P. Etz | 3, 5 | Richard Yeend | 2002 | [From Take Type 5 collection] |
Amigo (AG) | M. Yanega | 4 | Arthur Baker | 1989 | |
Amore (Para) | [MyFonts Test Drive] | Genady Fridman | 2004 | ||
Amorinda (UMT/Sud) | [Veer.com graphic] | A. Paul & A. Koziupa | ? | ||
Amy Ramsey (PB) | L. Vjedovik | 4 | Philip Bouwsma | 1995 | |
Anasdair (LL) | P. Etz | Richard Yeend | 2002 | ||
Anastasia (FD) | Stuart Sandler (FD) | Stuart Sandler | 1998 | [Originally known as 'Ophelia'] | |
Anatole France (ingo) | [scan from ingoFonts sample] | Ingo Zimmermann | 1997 | ||
Andrea' | Anjaleck | 1 | Robert & Nancy Wall [Chameleon Graphics] | ? | a.k.a. Alison: modification of Diana (Solo),Goddess (Solo), Ballantines Script (E+F), etc, with new A & G; original A & G are alt characters. (Alison is freeware) |
Andy Pieper (AG) | L. Vjedovik | 11 | Steve Matteson | ? | |
Angelus (Sud) | Anony5 | 7, 8 | A. Koziupa & A. Paul | 2008 | |
Anglia Script (Psy) | [Psy/Ops sample] | 1, 13 | Gabor Kothay | 2001 | [Has 'Olde' (weathered) version] |
Anglia Script Concise (Psy) | [Psy/Ops sample] | 1, 13 | Gabor Kothay | 2001 | [Has 'Olde' (weathered) version] |
Anglia Script Enhancements (Psy) | [Psy/Ops sample] | 1, 13 | Gabor Kothay | 2001 | [Has 'Olde' (weathered) version] |
Angryblue | P. Etz | Justin Kamerer | 2002 | www.angryblue.com | |
Angryblue Controlled | P. Etz | Justin Kamerer | 2003 | www.angryblue.com | |
Angryhog (IT) | M. Yanega | Tim Donaldson | 1995 | ||
Annabelle (FH) | M. Yanega | Ethan Dunham | 2004 | ||
Annabelle (Juke) | P. Etz | 1 | Jason A. Walcott | 2002 | |
Announcement Roman (Opti) | P. Etz | (Morris F. Benton) | 1990-91 (1916) | Garton (IN) | |
Antiestablishment (Har) | M. Yanega |
5, 14 |
Harold Lohner | 2000 | |
Apple Butter (Cumb) | M. Yanega | S. John Ross | 2002 | [free at Cumberland Fontworks] | |
Apple Seed (FH) | M. Yanega | 10 | Ethan Dunham | 1999 | |
Apricot (CT) | P. Griffin (CT) | Rebecca Alaccari (A. R. Bosco) | 2005 (1934) | [revival and expansion of Romany Script (Kingsley/ATF)] | |
April Fool (Man) | M. Yanega | Masayuki Sato | 2003 | ||
Aqua Casual (Scholtz) | Merle Scholtz | Anton Scholtz | 2008 | ||
Aquiline (T26) | mamasmurf | Jim Marcus | ? | [no longer available from T-26; freeware versions exist; T26 re-issued in Feb 2007 as 'Aquiline Master'] | |
Aquiline Master (T26) | [T26 sample] | Jim Marcus | 2007 | re-issue of Aquiline with updated kerning | |
Aquiline Two (Oasis) | M. Yanega | Manfred Klein & CybaPee (Jim Marcus) | 2004 | [free at Pirates Themes at typOasis] | |
Aquitaine Initials (Let) | M. Yanega | 4 | Steven Albert | 1987 | |
Arab Stroke (LL) | M. Yanega | Mauro Carichini | 2002 | [Has 3 weights, incl Heavy (below)] | |
Arab Stroke Heavy (LL) | M. Yanega | Mauro Carichini | 2002 | ||
Arabella | Anjaleck | 2 | A. Drescher | 1936 | Heather |
Arabia Felix (CA) | M. Yanega | Judith Sutcliffe | 1991 | ||
Araby Rafique (LL) | M. Yanega | Tehmina Rafique | 1997 | ||
Aragon (Shwd) | M. Yanega | 4 | Ten Staunton | 2003 | |
Aranea (E+F) | elaine | 14 | Verena Gerlach | 1996 | |
Arcana GMM Manuscript (AD) | M. Yanega | 1, 10, 13 | Gabriel Martinez Meave | 2000 | |
Archer (DNA) | D. Simpson (DNA)/Anonymous2 | Bob Behounck | 1999 | ||
Architec (AG) | Apostrophe | 6 | Hans Bacher | 2001 | |
Architectural Lettering (otl) | R. Kaiser | Rae Kaiser | 1999 | ||
ArchiText (EmDash) | [Precision Type sample] | 6 | Marshall Bohlin | 1989 | |
Arctic | M. Yanega | 6 | (Photolettering) | ca. 1960 | [appears to be digitization of 'Rambler Brush' PL typeface]; BrushArt |
Argent Bob Squish (Ing) | M. Yanega | Robert Schenk | 1995 | ||
Argenta (Ing) | M. Yanega | 11 | Robert Schenk | 1995 | |
Argenta (UMB/Sud) | [Veer. com graphic] | A. Paul & A. Koziupa | ? | ||
Argentab Obbed (Ing) | M. Yanega | Robert Schenk | 1995 | ||
Ariadne (AD) | mamasmurf | 2 | Gudrun Zapf von Hesse | 1953 | Aria (SSi) |
Arid (IT) | M. Yanega | 8 | Rob Leuschke | 1997 | |
Arioso (LL) | CybaPee | 2 | Gottfried Pott | 1995 | |
Aristocrat (Let) | M. Yanega | 1, 13 | Donald Stevens | 1978 | |
Ariston (BE) | M. Yanega | 1 | Martin Wilke | 1933 | Arioso, Aristocrat (WSI), Aristus (URW), Canon, Alison (EFF), Jaclyn (SvG), Arian (Pri), Fumarea (GST), PT Valentine |
Arjorie (UT) | M. Yanega | 4, 6 | Victor De Castro | 1997-9 | [Three weights, plus Med OSF; also has Tall version] |
Arjorie Italic (UT) | V. De Castro/M. Yanega | 2, 4 | Victor De Castro | 1997-9 | [Three weights, plus Med OSF; also has Tall version] |
Arjorie Mix (UT) | M. Yanega | 4, 6 | Victor De Castro | 1997-9 | [Comes in 4 weights, plus 1 OSF] |
Arjorie Mix Italic (UT) | [Unifonts graphic] | 4, 6, 8 | Victor De Castro | 1997-9 | [Comes in 4 weights, plus 1 OSF] |
Arkona (BE) | CybaPee | 2 | Karl Klauss | 1935 | Ark (Pri) |
Arno Italic Swash (AD) | M. Sousa (AD) | Robert Slimbach | 2007 | [This is one of the five optical sizes of the italic swash faces from the Arno Pro serif text family. There are also Greek and Cyrillic versions.] | |
Arnova (IT) | M. Yanega | 8 | Genevieve Cerasoli | 1997 | |
Arriba (Let) | M. Yanega | 4 | Phill Grimshaw | 1993 | |
Arriba-Arriba (Let) | M. Yanega | Phill Grimshaw | 1993 | ||
Art Greco (Cumb) | M. Yanega | S. John Ross | 2004 | [free at Cumberland Fontworks] | |
Art Nouveau Bistro (P22) | M. Yanega | Christina Torre | 2001 | ||
Art Nouveau Cafe (P22) | M. Yanega | Christina Torre | 2001 | ||
Art Nouveau Caps (Oasis) | Leigh M. | Dieter Steffmann | 2000 | [free at TypOasis, Designer pages] | |
Art Nouveau SCF (Scholtz) | Merle Scholtz | Anton Scholtz | 2008 | ||
Arta (Let) | elaine | 6 | David Quay | 1897 | [Comes in 4 weights] |
Arta Italic (Let) | elaine | 6 | David Quay | 1897 | [Comes in 4 weights] |
Artemesia Light (E+F) | mamasmurf | 2 | Jurgen Brinckmann | 1995 | |
Artemesia Nf (NC) | P.Etz | 7 | Jurgen Brinckmann | 1995 | |
Article 10 (LB) | Yves | 10 | Adam Roe | 1996 | |
Artiste (Let) | M. Yanega | 6 | Martin Wait | 1991 | |
Artistik (AG) | M. Yanega | ? | Karavan (SSi) | ||
Artscript (P22/LTC) | Paul D. Hunt (P22) | Paul D. Hunt (Sol Hess) | 2005 (1939) | ||
Arturis (UT) | M. Yanega | Victor De Castro | 1997-9 | [Comes in 3 weights] | |
Arturis Italic (UT) | V. De Castro | Victor De Castro | 1997-9 | [Comes in 3 weights] | |
Arvigo (Cumb) | M. Yanega | S. John Ross | 2002 | [free at Cumberland Fontworks] | |
aSena | P. Etz | Ilse Siengalewicz | 2001 | www.igraphicz.20m.com | |
Ashbury (Fuel) | M. Yanega | Claes Källarsson | 1998 | [Shareware at http://www.fuelfonts.com] | |
Ashbury Italic (Fuel) | M. Yanega | Claes Källarsson | 1998 | [Shareware at http://www.fuelfonts.com] | |
Ashley Script (MT) | M. Yanega | 8 | Ashley Havinden | 1955 | |
Ashtray Full (CA) | M. Yanega | 14 | (Lunchbox fonts) | ||
Ashyhouse (HI) | L. Vjedovik | 14 | Jeremy Dean | 1995 | |
Aspera (IT) | M. Yanega | 8 | Olivera Stojadinovic | 2000 | |
Aspire (T26) | L. Vjedovik | 11 | (One Way Out) | ? | |
Asrafel (Scr) | P.Etz | David Nalle | 1999 | ||
Asterx (Ing) | M. Yanega |
3, 5 |
Robert Schenk | 1990, 1994 | |
Atlantis (LL) | M. Yanega | 6 | Lutz Baar | 1999 | |
Atlantis Italic (LL) | M. Yanega | 6 | Lutz Baar | 1999 | |
Atlas of the Magi (Cumb) | M. Yanega | S. John Ross | 2002 | [free at Cumberland Fontworks] | |
Atmosphere (IT) | M. Yanega | 14 | Taouffik Semmad | 1997 | |
Attend (Bergsland) | Apostrophe | 4, 8 | D. Bergsland (F. Sallwey) | 2000 (1974) | ['Present Script' with slight slant] |
Audrey (UT) | V. De Castro | Victor De Castro | 1997-9 | [Comes in 2 weights & outline; has oblique style for each] | |
Augie | P. Etz | Steven J. Lundeen | 2001 | www.speakeasy.org/~cf [Emerald City Fontwerk] | |
Augusta (AG) | [Agfa graphic] | 2, 4 | Julius de Goede | ? | |
Augusta Cancellaresca (AG) | [Agfa graphic] | 2, 4 | Julius de Goede | ? | |
Augusta Schnurkl (AG) | elaine | 4 | Julius de Goede | ? | Augusta (ES) |
Auldroon (Ing) | M. Yanega |
3, 5 |
Robert Schenk | 1990, 1994 | |
Auptimagh (AH) | M. Yanega/A. Höfeld | 4 | Andreas Höfeld | 2001 | free at http://www.fontgrube.gmxhome.de/ |
Aureus Uncial (PB) | mamasmurf | 4 | Philip Bouwsma | 1995 | |
Auriol (LL, AD) | mamasmurf | Georges Auriol | 1901-04 | Freeform 721(BT), Freedom 9 (CF), Palette (SSi) | |
Autograph (E+F) | elaine | 8, 11 | (Elsner + Flake) | 1998 | |
Autograph Alts (E+F) | elaine | 8, 11 | (Elsner + Flake) | 1998 | |
Autograph Lanier (HPLHS) | M. Yanega | 9, 10 | Andrew Leman (Sidney Lanier) | 2002 (1800's) | [Replica of handwriting of 19th century American Poet. Created for H.P. Lovecraft Historical Society]; See Lanier Regular & SC, also by this designer, based on the same handwriting for E-phemera. |
Avalanche Script (Let) | M. Yanega | Michael Gills | 2003 | [Inspired by work of H. Zapf] | |
Avalon (FB) | mamasmurf | 13 | Richard Lipton | 1995 | [comes in 3 weights now] |
Avril (Tdel) | elaine | Ronna Penner | 2002 | ||
AwlScrawl (Oasis) | P. Etz | Dr. Nimbus | 1997 | Omega Font Labs at typOasis | |
Axis Bold (Let) | L. Vjedovik | 11 | Peter O'Donnell | 2000 | |
Azuki (BV) | [MyFonts.com Test Drive] | 4, 5, 6 | Jess Latham | 2005 |
Date of this page version: 4 May 2014
The Script Font Identification Guide and Script Font Reference List are Copyright © 2014 by Michael Yanega. The typeface names and designs are the property of their respective owners.